Державна служба зайнятості
Робота в Харкові
Міжнародна компанія Jooble
11 сентября 2014 года прошла встреча студентов 4 и 5 курсов специальности “Маркетинг” и представителя базы практики ООО “Фарма Персонал” по вопросам прохождения практики.
Підсумки проходження практики студентів 4 курсу спеціальності «Маркетинг»
О чем лучше не врать на собеседовании
Из собеседования – Сколько Вы знаете языков? – Четыре. – А какие? – Украинский, русский, английский, французский. – Пожалуйста, скажите что-нибудь по-английски. – Guttеn tаg. – Это же немецкий! – А! Тогда пять…
Глаголы в английском языке. Таблица времён английского глагола
Глагол- часть речи, обозначающая действие и отвечающае на вопросы “что делать, что сделать?”, например: to live (жить), to speak (говорить), to do (делать). Глаголы имеют грамматические категории времени (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее ), лица и числа, вида, залога, наклонения и выполняют в предложении функцию сказуемого. Неопределённую форму глагола принято называть инфинитивом. В английском языке инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей “to”, которая не переводится.
По своему значению и роли глаголы делятся на полнозначные или смысловые и служебные. Служебные глаголы частично или полностью утрачивают свое значение. Частичная утрата значения, например, наблюдается у модальных глаголов (саn, mау, и т.д.), что не позволяет им выполнять самостоятельную роль в предложении – они всегда употребляются в сочетании с другими смысловыми глаголами. Полностью утрачивают свое значение глаголы, которые участвуют в образовании сложных форм времени, вида, наклонения и залога. Такие глаголы называют вспомогательными. Вспомогательными глаголами могут быть такие глаголы, как will, have, do и т.д.
В английском языке имеется два залога: активный или действительный залог ( the Active Voice ) и пассивный или страдательный залог ( the Passive Voice ). Активный залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются производителями действия, выраженного сказуемым, например: I made a mistake. – Я совершил ошибку. Пассивный же залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым. В силу своего значения пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными глаголами – глаголами, в значении которых заложена необходимость сочетаться с дополнением: A mistake was made. Ошибка была совершена.
Система времён английского языка – одна из самых важных, но в тоже время самых тяжёлых для понимания тем. Схематически её можно представить так:
| Tense | Signal words | Use | Form | Examples affirmative | Examples negative | Examples interrogative |
| Present Simple | every day sometimes always often usually seldom never first … then |
something happens repeatedly
how often something happens one action follows another things in general after the following verbs (to love, to hate, to think, etc.) future meaning: timetables, programmes |
infinitive he/she/it + -s | I work. He works. I go. He goes. |
I don’t work. He doesn’t work. I don’t go. He doesn’t go. |
Do I work? Does he work? Do I go? Does he go? |
| Present Continuous | now at the moment Look! Listen! |
something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it
future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it (a fixed plan, date) |
to be (am/are/is) + infinitive + -ing | I’m working. He’s working. I’m going. He’s going. |
I’m not working. He isn’t working. I’m not going. He isn’t going. |
Am I working? Is he working? Am I going? Is he going? |
| Past Simple | last … … ago in 1990 yesterday |
action took place in the past, mostly connected with an expression of time (no connection to the present) | regular: infinitive + -ed
irregular: 2nd column of table of irregular verbs |
I worked. He worked. I went. He went. |
I didn’t work. He didn’t work. I didn’t go. He didn’t go. |
Did I work? Did he work? Did I go? Did he go? |
| Past Continuous | while | an action happened in the middle of another action
someone was doing sth. at a certain time (in the past) – you do not know whether it was finished or not |
was/were + infinitive + -ing | I was working. He was working. I was going. He was going. |
I wasn’t working. He wasn’t working. I wasn’t going. He wasn’t going. |
Was I working? Was he working? Was I going? Was he going? |
| Present Perfect | just yet never ever already so far, up to now, since for recently |
you say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present
action started in the past and continues up to the present |
have/has + past participle* *(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of table of irregular verbs) |
I have worked. He has worked. I have gone. He has gone. |
I haven’t worked. He hasn’t worked. I haven’t gone. He hasn’t gone. |
Have I worked? Has he worked? Have I gone? Has he gone? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | all day the whole day how long since for |
action began in the past and has just stopped
how long the action has been happening emphasis: length of time of an action |
have/has + been + infinitive + -ing | I have been working. He has been working. I have been going. He has been going. |
I haven’t been working. He hasn’t been working. I haven’t been going. He hasn’t been going. |
Have I been working? Has he been working? Have I been going? Has he been going? |
| Past Perfect | already just never |
mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into Past Perfect, the other action into Simple Past
the past of the Present Perfect |
had + past participle*
*(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of table of irregular verbs) |
I had worked. He had worked. I had gone. He had gone. |
I hadn’t worked. He hadn’t worked. I hadn’t gone. He hadn’t gone. |
Had I worked? Had he worked? Had I gone? Had he gone? |
| Past Perfect Continuous | how long since for |
how long something had been happening before something else happened | had + been + infinitive + ing | I had been working. He had been working. I had been going. He had been going. |
I hadn’t been working. He hadn’t been working. I hadn’t been going. He hadn’t been going. |
Had I been working? Had he been working? Had I been going? Had he been going? |
| Will- future | tomorrow next + noun |
predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen)
you decide to do sth. spontaneously at the time of speaking, you haven’t made a decision before main clause in type I of the if clauses |
will + infinitive | I’ll work. He’ll work. I’ll go. He’ll go. |
I won’t work. He won’t work. I won’t go. He won’t go. |
Will I work? Will he work? Will I go? Will he go? |
| Going to- future | when you have already decided to do sth. in the future
what you think what will happen |
be (am/are/is) + going to + infinitive | I’m going to work. He’s going to work. I’m going to go. He’s going to go. |
I’m not going to work. He’s not going to work. I’m not going to go. He’s not going to go. |
Am I going to work? Is he going to work? Am I going to go? Is he going to go? |
|
| Future Continuous | An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time.
Something happens because it normally happens. |
will + be + infinitive + ing | I’ll be working. He’ll be working. I’ll be going. He’ll be going. |
I won’t be working. He won’t be working. I won’t be going. He won’t be going. |
Will I be working? Will he be working? Will I be going? Will he be going? |
|
| Future Perfect | by the +noun | sth. will already have happened before a certain time in the future | will + have + past participle*
*(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of table of irregular verbs) |
I’ll have worked. He’ll have worked. I’ll have gone. |
I won’t have worked. He won’t have worked. I won’t have gone. |
Will I have worked? Will he have worked? Will I have? |
